| Type A |
Fracture caused by severe complete vertical stress resulting in rupture of both the upper and lower endplates, typically without kyphotic angulation, commonly seen in the lower lumbar spine. |
| Type B |
Fracture caused by incomplete vertical stress or slight flexion stress resulting in upper endplate damage, leading to acute or late kyphotic angulation, most common in thoracolumbar burst fractures. |
| Type C |
Fracture involving the lower endplate, similar mechanism to Type B but less common. |
| Type D |
Fracture caused by axial stress with rotational violence, commonly seen in the lumbar spine, highly unstable, may cause fracture-dislocation. Unlike flexion-rotation fractures, this type often involves comminuted vertebral bodies, widened pedicle distance, posterior wall intrusion into the spinal canal, and longitudinal fractures of the lamina. |
| Type E |
Fracture caused by axial stress with lateral flexion, characterized by widened pedicle distance and compression side bone fragments intruding into the spinal canal. |
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