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Type A fractures are extra-articular fractures. The blood circulation of the humeral head is normal, so avascular necrosis of the head does not occur.
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| Type A1 fractures are fractures of the humeral tuberosity. They are further divided into three types based on the displacement of the tuberosity. | |
| Type A1-1 | Tuberosity fracture, no displacement |
| Type A1-2 | Tuberosity fracture, with displacement |
| Type A1-3 | Tuberosity fracture, with glenohumeral joint dislocation |
| Type A2 fractures are impacted metaphyseal fractures (surgical neck fractures). They are also divided into three types based on the presence and direction of angulation. | |
| Type A2-1 | No angulation deformity in the coronal plane. Anterior or posterior impaction in the lateral view |
| Type A2-2 | Varus angulation deformity in the coronal plane |
| Type A2-3 | Valgus angulation deformity in the coronal plane |
| Type A3 fractures are displaced metaphyseal fractures without impaction. They are divided into three types. | |
| Type A3-1 | Simple fracture with angulation deformity between the fracture fragments |
| Type A3-2 | Simple fracture with medial or lateral displacement of the distal fragment, or with glenohumeral joint dislocation |
| Type A3-3 | Comminuted fracture, may have wedge fragments or glenohumeral joint dislocation |
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Type B fractures are more severe extra-articular fractures. The fracture occurs in two places, involving three parts of the upper humerus. One fracture line may extend into the joint. The blood circulation of the humeral head is partially affected, with a certain incidence of avascular necrosis of the head.
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| Type B1 fractures are extra-articular two-part fractures with impaction of the metaphysis. They are divided into three types based on the mode of impaction and the degree of tuberosity displacement. | |
| Type B1-1 | Impacted metaphyseal fracture with greater tuberosity fracture |
| Type B1-2 | Impacted metaphyseal fracture with mild varus deformity and inferior displacement of the humeral head. Combined with lesser tuberosity fracture |
| Type B1-3 | Impacted metaphyseal fracture with anterior angulation deformity in the lateral view, combined with greater tuberosity fracture |
| Type B2 fractures are metaphyseal fractures without impaction. The fractures are unstable and difficult to reduce. Surgical reduction and internal fixation are often required. | |
| Type B2-1 | Oblique metaphyseal fracture with displacement and tuberosity fracture displacement |
| Type B2-2 | Transverse displaced metaphyseal fracture, with rotational displacement of the humeral head. Combined with tuberosity displacement fracture |
| Type B2-3 | Comminuted displaced metaphyseal fracture, combined with tuberosity displacement fracture |
| Type B3 fractures are extra-articular two-part fractures with glenohumeral joint dislocation. | |
| Type B3-1 | Oblique metaphyseal fracture with glenohumeral joint dislocation. Although there is only one fracture line, it passes through the tuberosity and metaphysis |
| Type B3-2 | Similar to Type B3-1, with tuberosity fracture and glenohumeral joint dislocation |
| Type B3-3 | Metaphyseal fracture with posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation and lesser tuberosity fracture |
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Type C fractures are intra-articular fractures involving the anatomical neck of the humerus. The blood circulation of the humeral head is often damaged, easily causing avascular necrosis of the head.
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| Type C1 fractures are mildly displaced fractures with impaction between the fracture fragments. | |
| Type C1-1 | Fracture of the humeral head and greater tuberosity. The neck fracture site is impacted, forming a varus deformity |
| Type C1-2 | Fracture of the head and tuberosity, the neck fracture site is impacted, forming a varus deformity |
| Type C1-3 | Anatomical neck fracture of the humerus, no displacement or mild displacement |
| Type C2 fractures are fractures with significant displacement of the head fragment, combined with impaction between the head and metaphysis. | |
| Type C2-1 | Fracture of the head and tuberosity, with valgus impaction between the head and metaphysis, significant displacement |
| Type C2-2 | Fracture of the head and tuberosity, with varus impaction between the head and metaphysis |
| Type C2-3 | Fracture through the head and tuberosity, with varus deformity |
| Type C3 fractures are intra-articular fractures with glenohumeral joint dislocation. | |
| Type C3-1 | Anatomical neck fracture with humeral head dislocation |
| Type C3-2 | Anatomical neck fracture with humeral head dislocation and tuberosity fracture |
| Type C3-3 | Metaphyseal fracture with posterior glenohumeral joint dislocation and lesser tuberosity fracture |
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