There are classification systems based on the anatomical location of the fracture, the mechanism of injury, the number of fracture fragments, the size of the contact surface, and the blood circulation of the fracture fragments.

Kocher (1896) proposed classification based on anatomical location: anatomical neck, tuberosity, and surgical neck fractures.

However, it does not consider the degree of fracture displacement or the number of fractures, leading to confusion in diagnosis and difficulty in treatment.