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Back| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| A | Cancer confined to the intestinal wall |
| B | Cancer penetrates the serosa |
| C | Local lymph node metastasis present |
| D | Distance metastasis present |
References
1. AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) Cancer Staging Manual, 7th ed, Edge, SB, Byrd, DR, Compton, CC, et al (Eds), Springer, New York 2010.
2. Astler VB, Coller FA. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg. 1954;139(6):846-52.
3. Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. Journal of Pathological Bacteriology 1932;35:323