1. What is Normality?

Normality (N) is a measure of concentration that accounts for the number of reactive units in a chemical solution. It's defined as the number of equivalents per liter of solution (eq/L).

2. How to Calculate Normality from Molarity

The calculator uses the simple formula:

Where:

• \( N \) — Normality (eq/L)
• \( M \) — Molarity (mol/L)
• \( n \) — Number of equivalents (unitless)

Explanation: Normality equals molarity multiplied by the number of equivalents per mole of the substance in the reaction.

3. Difference Between Normality and Molarity

Details: While molarity counts the number of moles per liter, normality counts the number of reactive units (equivalents) per liter. Normality is reaction-dependent while molarity is not.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the molarity in mol/L and the number of equivalents (n) which depends on the specific reaction. For acids, n is the number of H+ ions; for bases, it's the number of OH- ions.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: When should I use normality instead of molarity?
A: Normality is particularly useful in titration calculations and when dealing with acid-base or redox reactions where the number of reactive units matters.

Q2: How do I determine the number of equivalents (n)?
A: For acids, it's the number of H+ ions they can donate. For bases, it's the number of OH- ions they can donate. For redox reactions, it's the number of electrons transferred.

Q3: Is normality always greater than molarity?
A: No, normality can be equal to molarity (when n=1) or greater than molarity (when n>1), but never less than molarity.

Q4: Why is normality less commonly used today?
A: Many modern chemistry applications prefer molarity because it's simpler and more universally applicable, as it doesn't depend on the specific reaction.

Q5: Can I convert normality back to molarity?
A: Yes, if you know the number of equivalents: M = N/n.