1. What is Normality?

Normality (N) is a measure of concentration equal to the gram equivalent weight per liter of solution. It accounts for the number of reactive units in a chemical compound, making it useful in titration calculations and reactions where the number of reactive sites matters.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the normality formula:

Where:

• \( N \) — Normality (eq/L)
• \( M \) — Molarity (mol/L)
• \( n \) — Number of equivalents per mole (eq/mol)

Explanation: The equation converts molar concentration to equivalent concentration by accounting for the number of reactive units per molecule.

3. Importance of Normality Calculation

Details: Normality is particularly important in acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions where the number of reactive sites affects the stoichiometry of the reaction.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter molarity in mol/L and the number of equivalents (n). For acids, n is the number of H+ ions; for bases, it's the number of OH- ions; for redox reactions, it's the number of electrons transferred.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between molarity and normality?
A: Molarity counts molecules while normality counts reactive units. For monoprotic acids (like HCl), they're the same, but for diprotic acids (like H₂SO₄), normality is twice the molarity.

Q2: When should I use normality instead of molarity?
A: Use normality for titration calculations, precipitation reactions, or any situation where the number of reactive sites matters more than the number of molecules.

Q3: How do I determine the number of equivalents?
A: For acids/bases: count H+/OH- ions. For redox: count electrons transferred. For salts: count charges on cation or anion.

Q4: Is normality always greater than molarity?
A: No, normality can be equal to (when n=1) or greater than (when n>1) molarity, but never less.

Q5: Why is normality less commonly used today?
A: Modern chemistry often prefers molarity since it's simpler and more universal, but normality remains important in specific applications like titrations.