1. What is DNA Transcription and Translation?

Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into mRNA, which carries the genetic information out of the nucleus. Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mRNA template.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator performs two main operations:

Process:

1. Input DNA sequence is validated (only A, T, C, G allowed)
2. DNA is transcribed to mRNA by replacing T with U
3. mRNA is translated to protein by reading codons (3-base sequences)
4. Stop codons (*) indicate translation termination

3. The Genetic Code

The standard genetic code defines how 64 possible codons specify 20 amino acids and stop signals. The first base of the codon is on the left, the second base on top, and third base on the right.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter a DNA sequence (only A, T, C, G characters). The sequence can be in any case and may include spaces/newlines which will be automatically removed.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What does the * symbol mean in the protein sequence?
A: The * symbol represents a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) which signals the end of protein synthesis.

Q2: What if my DNA sequence isn't divisible by 3?
A: The calculator will translate complete codons only and ignore any remaining 1-2 bases at the end.

Q3: Does this work for mitochondrial DNA?
A: No, mitochondria use a slightly different genetic code. This calculator uses the standard nuclear genetic code.

Q4: What about the 5' and 3' directions?
A: The calculator assumes the input DNA is the coding strand (5' to 3' direction). For template strand input, you would need to provide the reverse complement.

Q5: How accurate is this translation?
A: This provides the theoretical translation based on the standard genetic code. Real biological systems may have additional regulation or modifications.